List of C-family programming languages Wikipedia
Table Of Content
Null pointer values are useful for indicating special cases such as no "next" pointer in the final node of a linked list, or as an error indication from functions returning pointers. In conditional contexts, null pointer values evaluate to false, while all other pointer values evaluate to true. Most of the recently reserved words begin with an underscore followed by a capital letter, because identifiers of that form were previously reserved by the C standard for use only by implementations.
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Many languages support calling library functions in C, for example, the Python-based framework NumPy uses C for the high-performance and hardware-interacting aspects. These three approaches are appropriate in different situations and have various trade-offs. For example, static memory allocation has little allocation overhead, automatic allocation may involve slightly more overhead, and dynamic memory allocation can potentially have a great deal of overhead for both allocation and deallocation. C is often used in low-level systems programming where escapes from the type system may be necessary. Thompson wanted a programming language for developing utilities for the new platform. At first, he tried to write a Fortran compiler, but soon gave up the idea.
Operators
It was first used for the sound of the voiceless alveolar affricate /t͡s/ in Old Spanish and stems from the Visigothic form of the letter z (Ꝣ). The phoneme originated in Vulgar Latin from the palatalization of the plosives /t/ and /k/ in some conditions. Spanish has not used the symbol since an orthographic reform in the 18th century (which replaced ç with the now-devoiced z), but it was adopted for writing other languages.
Processing systems
Each header file contains one or more function declarations, data type definitions, and macros. Void pointers are commonly found in dynamic memory allocation functions, for example as return type for malloc() and as parameter type for free(), and any other generic memory accessing functions such as memcpy() or fwrite(). Keep in mind though, since it removes details of the data itself, dereferencing a void pointer will result in a compiler error, unless we first cast to an explicit pointer type. Structures and unions in C are defined as data containers consisting of a sequence of named members of various types.
Escape sequences in C
It was applied to re-implementing the kernel of the Unix operating system.[8] During the 1980s, C gradually gained popularity. It has become one of the most widely used programming languages,[9][10] with C compilers available for practically all modern computer architectures and operating systems. The \n escape sequence allows for shorter code by specifying the newline in the string literal, and for faster runtime by eliminating the text formatting operation. Also, the compiler can map the escape sequence to a character encoding system other than ASCII and thus make the code more portable. Here blank spaces are generated simultaneously on the left when the bits are shifted to the right.
Therefore, using templates it is possible to write generic algorithms that work with any container or on any sequence defined by iterators. As in C, the features of the library are accessed by using the #include directive to include a standard header. The C++ Standard Library provides 105 standard headers, of which 27 are deprecated. When declaring a function, a programmer can specify for one or more parameters a default value. Doing so allows the parameters with defaults to optionally be omitted when the function is called, in which case the default arguments will be used.
Each enum type itself is compatible with char or a signed or unsigned integer type, but each implementation defines its own rules for choosing a type. C is sometimes used as an intermediate language by implementations of other languages. This approach may be used for portability or convenience; by using C as an intermediate language, additional machine-specific code generators are not necessary. C has some features, such as line-number preprocessor directives and optional superfluous commas at the end of initializer lists, that support compilation of generated code. However, some of C's shortcomings have prompted the development of other C-based languages specifically designed for use as intermediate languages, such as C--. Also, contemporary major compilers GCC and LLVM both feature an intermediate representation that is not C, and those compilers support front ends for many languages including C.
Application programming interface (API)
In addition to standard member functions, operator overloads and destructors can be virtual. An inexact rule based on practical experience states that if any function in the class is virtual, the destructor should be as well. As the type of an object at its creation is known at compile time, constructors, and by extension copy constructors, cannot be virtual.
The former is always rectangular (all subarrays must be the same size), and occupies a contiguous region of memory. The latter is a one-dimensional array of pointers, each of which may point to the first element of a subarray in a different place in memory, and the sub-arrays do not have to be the same size. Some compilers warn if an object with enumerated type is assigned a value that is not one of its constants. However, such an object can be assigned any values in the range of their compatible type, and enum constants can be used anywhere an integer is expected.
C identifiers are case sensitive (e.g., foo, FOO, and Foo are the names of different objects). Some linkers may map external identifiers to a single case, although this is uncommon in most modern linkers. The main function will usually call other functions to help it perform its job. In the while and do statements, the sub-statement is executed repeatedly so long as the value of the expression remains non-zero (equivalent to true).
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An escape sequence changes how the compiler interprets character data in a literal. For example, \n does not represent a backslash followed by the letter n. The backslash escapes the compiler's normal, literal way of interpreting character data.
The "hello, world" example, which appeared in the first edition of K&R, has become the model for an introductory program in most programming textbooks. The program prints "hello, world" to the standard output, which is usually a terminal or screen display. Newline indicates the end of a text line; it need not correspond to an actual single character, although for convenience C treats it as one.
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